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CSS3 Gradients
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Gradient Background
CSS3 gradients let you display smooth transitions between two or more specified colors.

Earlier, you had to use images for these effects. However, by using CSS3 gradients you can reduce download time and bandwidth usage. In addition, elements with gradients look better when zoomed, because the gradient is generated by the browser.

CSS3 defines two types of gradients:

Linear Gradients (goes down/up/left/right/diagonally)
Radial Gradients (defined by their center)
Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -webkit-, -moz-, or -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
linear-gradient 26.0
10.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
3.6 -moz- 6.1
5.1 -webkit- 12.1
11.1 -o-
radial-gradient 26.0
10.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
3.6 -moz- 6.1
5.1 -webkit- 12.1
11.6 -o-
repeating-linear-gradient 26.0
10.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
3.6 -moz- 6.1
5.1 -webkit- 12.1
11.1 -o-
repeating-radial-gradient 26.0
10.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
3.6 -moz- 6.1
5.1 -webkit- 12.1
11.6 -o-
CSS3 Linear Gradients
To create a linear gradient you must define at least two color stops. Color stops are the colors you want to render smooth transitions among. You can also set a starting point and a direction (or an angle) along with the gradient effect.

Syntax
background: linear-gradient(direction, color-stop1, color-stop2, …);
Linear Gradient – Top to Bottom (this is default)

The following example shows a linear gradient that starts at the top. It starts red, transitioning to yellow:

Example
#grad {
    background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
    background: -webkit-linear-gradient(red, yellow); /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
    background: -o-linear-gradient(red, yellow); /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
    background: -moz-linear-gradient(red, yellow); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
    background: linear-gradient(red, yellow); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Linear Gradient – Left to Right

The following example shows a linear gradient that starts from the left. It starts red, transitioning to yellow:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, red , yellow); /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -o-linear-gradient(right, red, yellow); /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(right, red, yellow); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: linear-gradient(to right, red , yellow); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Linear Gradient – Diagonal

You can make a gradient diagonally by specifying both the horizontal and vertical starting positions.

The following example shows a linear gradient that starts at top left (and goes to bottom right). It starts red, transitioning to yellow:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left top, red, yellow); /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -o-linear-gradient(bottom right, red, yellow); /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(bottom right, red, yellow); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: linear-gradient(to bottom right, red, yellow); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Using Angles
If you want more control over the direction of the gradient, you can define an angle, instead of the predefined directions (to bottom, to top, to right, to left, to bottom right, etc.).

Syntax
background: linear-gradient(angle, color-stop1, color-stop2);
The angle is specified as an angle between a horizontal line and the gradient line.

The following example shows how to use angles on linear gradients:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(-90deg, red, yellow); /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -o-linear-gradient(-90deg, red, yellow); /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(-90deg, red, yellow); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: linear-gradient(-90deg, red, yellow); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Using Multiple Color Stops
The following example shows a linear gradient (from top to bottom) with multiple color stops:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -o-linear-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: linear-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
The following example shows how to create a linear gradient (from left to right) with the color of the rainbow and some text:

Gradient Background
Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet);
  /* For Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -o-linear-gradient(left,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet);
  /* For Fx 3.6 to 15 */
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(left,red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet);
  /* Standard syntax */
  background: linear-gradient(to right, red,orange,yellow,green,blue,indigo,violet);
}
»
Using Transparency
CSS3 gradients also support transparency, which can be used to create fading effects.

To add transparency, we use the rgba() function to define the color stops. The last parameter in the rgba() function can be a value from 0 to 1, and it defines the transparency of the color: 0 indicates full transparency, 1 indicates full color (no transparency).

The following example shows a linear gradient that starts from the left. It starts fully transparent, transitioning to full color red:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-linear-gradient(left,rgba(255,0,0,0),rgba(255,0,0,1)); /*Safari 5.1-6*/
  background: -o-linear-gradient(right,rgba(255,0,0,0),rgba(255,0,0,1)); /*Opera 11.1-12*/
  background: -moz-linear-gradient(right,rgba(255,0,0,0),rgba(255,0,0,1)); /*Fx 3.6-15*/
  background: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,0,0,0), rgba(255,0,0,1)); /*Standard*/
}
»
Repeating a linear-gradient
The repeating-linear-gradient() function is used to repeat linear gradients:

Example
A repeating linear gradient:

#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  /* Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 20%);
  /* Opera 11.1 to 12.0 */
  background: -o-repeating-linear-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 20%);
  /* Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: -moz-repeating-linear-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 20%);
  /* Standard syntax */
  background: repeating-linear-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 20%);
}
»
CSS3 Radial Gradients
A radial gradient is defined by its center.

To create a radial gradient you must also define at least two color stops.

Syntax
background: radial-gradient(shape size at  position, start-color, …, last-color);
By default, shape is ellipse, size is farthest-corner, and position is center.

Radial Gradient – Evenly Spaced Color Stops (this is default)

The following example shows a radial gradient with evenly spaced color stops:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-radial-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -o-radial-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* For Opera 11.6 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-radial-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: radial-gradient(red, yellow, green); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Radial Gradient – Differently Spaced Color Stops

The following example shows a radial gradient with differently spaced color stops:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-radial-gradient(red 5%, yellow 15%, green 60%); /* Safari 5.1-6.0 */
  background: -o-radial-gradient(red 5%, yellow 15%, green 60%); /* For Opera 11.6-12.0 */
  background: -moz-radial-gradient(red 5%, yellow 15%, green 60%); /* For Firefox 3.6-15 */
  background: radial-gradient(red 5%, yellow 15%, green 60%); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Set Shape
The shape parameter defines the shape. It can take the value circle or ellipse. The default value is ellipse.

The following example shows a radial gradient with the shape of a circle:

Example
#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  background: -webkit-radial-gradient(circle, red, yellow, green); /* Safari */
  background: -o-radial-gradient(circle, red, yellow, green); /* Opera 11.6 to 12.0 */
  background: -moz-radial-gradient(circle, red, yellow, green); /* Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: radial-gradient(circle, red, yellow, green); /* Standard syntax */
}
»
Use of Different Size Keywords
The size parameter defines the size of the gradient. It can take four values:

closest-side
farthest-side
closest-corner
farthest-corner
Example
A radial gradient with different size keywords:

#grad1 {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  /* Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -webkit-radial-gradient(60% 55%, closest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* For Opera 11.6 to 12.0 */
  background: -o-radial-gradient(60% 55%, closest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: -moz-radial-gradient(60% 55%, closest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* Standard syntax */
  background: radial-gradient(closest-side at 60% 55%, red, yellow, black);
}

#grad2 {
  /* Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -webkit-radial-gradient(60% 55%, farthest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* Opera 11.6 to 12.0 */
  background: -o-radial-gradient(60% 55%, farthest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: -moz-radial-gradient(60% 55%, farthest-side, red, yellow, black);
  /* Standard syntax */
  background: radial-gradient(farthest-side at 60% 55%, red, yellow, black);
}
»
Repeating a radial-gradient
The repeating-radial-gradient() function is used to repeat radial gradients:

Example
A repeating radial gradient:

#grad {
  background: red; /* For browsers that do not support gradients */
  /* For Safari 5.1 to 6.0 */
  background: -webkit-repeating-radial-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 15%);
  /* For Opera 11.6 to 12.0 */
  background: -o-repeating-radial-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 15%);
  /* For Firefox 3.6 to 15 */
  background: -moz-repeating-radial-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 15%);
  /* Standard syntax */
  background: repeating-radial-gradient(red, yellow 10%, green 15%);
}
»
Test Yourself with Exercises!
Exercise 1 »  Exercise 2 »  Exercise 3 »  Exercise 4 »  Exercise 5 »  Exercise 6 »  Exercise 7 »

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CSS3 Shadow Effects
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Box Shadow

With CSS3 you can create shadow effects!

Hover over me!
CSS3 Shadow Effects
With CSS3 you can add shadow to text and to elements.

In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:

text-shadow
box-shadow
Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -webkit- or -moz- specifies the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
text-shadow 4.0 10.0 3.5 4.0 9.5
box-shadow 10.0
4.0 -webkit- 9.0 4.0
3.5 -moz- 5.1
3.1 -webkit- 10.5
CSS3 Text Shadow
The CSS3 text-shadow property applies shadow to text.

In its simplest use, you only specify the horizontal shadow (2px) and the vertical shadow (2px):

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    text-shadow: 2px 2px;
}
»
Next, add a color to the shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    text-shadow: 2px 2px red;
}
»
Then, add a blur effect to the shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px red;
}
»
The following example shows a white text with black shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    color: white;
    text-shadow: 2px 2px 4px #000000;
}
»
The following example shows a red neon glow shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000;
}
»
Multiple Shadows
To add more than one shadow to the text, you can add a comma-separated list of shadows.

The following example shows a red and blue neon glow shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000, 0 0 5px #0000FF;
}
»
The following example shows a white text with black, blue, and darkblue shadow:

Text shadow effect!
Example
h1 {
    color: white;
    text-shadow: 1px 1px 2px black, 0 0 25px blue, 0 0 5px darkblue;
}
»
You can also use the text-shadow property to create a plain border around some text (without shadows):

Border around text!
Example
h1 {
    color: yellow;
    text-shadow: -1px 0 black, 0 1px black, 1px 0 black, 0 -1px black;
}
»
CSS3 box-shadow Property
The CSS3 box-shadow property applies shadow to elements.

In its simplest use, you only specify the horizontal shadow and the vertical shadow:

This is a yellow

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CSS3 Text
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CSS3 Text
CSS3 contains several new text features.

In this chapter you will learn about the following text properties:

text-overflow
word-wrap
word-break
Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
text-overflow 4.0 6.0 7.0 3.1 11.0
9.0 -o-
word-wrap 23.0 5.5 3.5 6.1 12.1
word-break 4.0 5.5 15.0 3.1 15.0
CSS3 Text Overflow
The CSS3 text-overflow property specifies how overflowed content that is not displayed should be signaled to the user.

It can be clipped:

This is some long text that will not fit in the box

or it can be rendered as an ellipsis (…):

This is some long text that will not fit in the box

The CSS code is as follows:

Example
p.test1 {
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 200px;
    border: 1px solid #000000;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: clip;
}

p.test2 {
    white-space: nowrap;
    width: 200px;
    border: 1px solid #000000;
    overflow: hidden;
    text-overflow: ellipsis;
}
»
The following example shows how you can display the overflowed content when hovering over the element:

Example
div.test:hover {
    text-overflow: inherit;
    overflow: visible;
}
»
CSS3 Word Wrapping
The CSS3 word-wrap property allows long words to be able to be broken and wrap onto the next line.

If a word is too long to fit within an area, it expands outside:

This paragraph contains a very long word: thisisaveryveryveryveryveryverylongword. The long word will break and wrap to the next line.

The word-wrap property allows you to force the text to wrap – even if it means splitting it in the middle of a word:

This paragraph contains a very long word: thisisaveryveryveryveryveryverylongword. The long word will break and wrap to the next line.

The CSS code is as follows:

Example
Allow long words to be able to be broken and wrap onto the next line:

p {
    word-wrap: break-word;
}
»
CSS3 Word Breaking
The CSS3 word-break property specifies line breaking rules.

This paragraph contains some text. This line will-break-at-hyphens.

This paragraph contains some text. The lines will break at any character.

The CSS code is as follows:

Example
p.test1 {
    word-break: keep-all;
}

p.test2 {
    word-break: break-all;
}
»
Test Yourself with Exercises!
Exercise 1 »  Exercise 2 »  Exercise 3 »

CSS3 Text Properties
The following table lists the new CSS3 text properties:

Property Description
text-align-last Specifies how to align the last line of a text
text-justify Specifies how justified text should be aligned and spaced
text-overflow Specifies how overflowed content that is not displayed should be signaled to the user
word-break Specifies line breaking rules for non-CJK scripts
word-wrap Allows long words to be able to be broken and wrap onto the next line

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CSS3 Web Fonts
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CSS3 Web Fonts – The @font-face Rule
Web fonts allow Web designers to use fonts that are not installed on the user’s computer.

When you have found/bought the font you wish to use, just include the font file on your web server, and it will be automatically downloaded to the user when needed.

Your “own” fonts are defined within the CSS3 @font-face rule.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Property
@font-face 4.0 9.0 3.5 3.2 10.0
Different Font Formats
TrueType Fonts (TTF)

TrueType is a font standard developed in the late 1980s, by Apple and Microsoft. TrueType is the most common font format for both the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows operating systems.

OpenType Fonts (OTF)

OpenType is a format for scalable computer fonts. It was built on TrueType, and is a registered trademark of Microsoft. OpenType fonts are used commonly today on the major computer platforms.

The Web Open Font Format (WOFF)

WOFF is a font format for use in web pages. It was developed in 2009, and is now a W3C Recommendation. WOFF is essentially OpenType or TrueType with compression and additional metadata. The goal is to support font distribution from a server to a client over a network with bandwidth constraints.

The Web Open Font Format (WOFF 2.0)

TrueType/OpenType font that provides better compression than WOFF 1.0.

SVG Fonts/Shapes

SVG fonts allow SVG to be used as glyphs when displaying text. The SVG 1.1 specification define a font module that allows the creation of fonts within an SVG document. You can also apply CSS to SVG documents, and the @font-face rule can be applied to text in SVG documents.

Embedded OpenType Fonts (EOT)

EOT fonts are a compact form of OpenType fonts designed by Microsoft for use as embedded fonts on web pages.

Browser Support for Font Formats
The numbers in the table specifies the first browser version that fully supports the font format.

Font format
TTF/OTF 9.0* 4.0 3.5 3.1 10.0
WOFF 9.0 5.0 3.6 5.1 11.1
WOFF2 Not supported 36.0 35.0* Not supported 26.0
SVG Not supported 4.0 Not supported 3.2 9.0
EOT 6.0 Not supported Not supported Not supported Not supported
*IE: The font format only works when set to be “installable”.

*Firefox: Not supported by default, but can be enabled (need to set a flag to “true” to use WOFF2).

Using The Font You Want
In the CSS3 @font-face rule you must first define a name for the font (e.g. myFirstFont), and then point to the font file.

Tip: Always use lowercase letters for the font URL. Uppercase letters can give unexpected results in IE.

To use the font for an HTML element, refer to the name of the font (myFirstFont) through the font-family property:

Example
@font-face {
    font-family: myFirstFont;
    src: url(sansation_light.woff);
}

div {
    font-family: myFirstFont;
}
»
Using Bold Text
You must add another @font-face rule containing descriptors for bold text:

Example
@font-face {
    font-family: myFirstFont;
    src: url(sansation_bold.woff);
    font-weight: bold;
}
»
The file “sansation_bold.woff” is another font file, that contains the bold characters for the Sansation font.

Browsers will use this whenever a piece of text with the font-family “myFirstFont” should render as bold.

This way you can have many @font-face rules for the same font.

Test Yourself with Exercises!
Exercise 1 »  Exercise 2 »

CSS3 Font Descriptors
The following table lists all the font descriptors that can be defined inside the @font-face rule:

Descriptor Values Description
font-family name Required. Defines a name for the font
src URL Required. Defines the URL of the font file
font-stretch normal
condensed
ultra-condensed
extra-condensed
semi-condensed
expanded
semi-expanded
extra-expanded
ultra-expanded Optional. Defines how the font should be stretched. Default is “normal”
font-style normal
italic
oblique Optional. Defines how the font should be styled. Default is “normal”
font-weight normal
bold
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 Optional. Defines the boldness of the font. Default is “normal”
unicode-range unicode-range Optional. Defines the range of UNICODE characters the font supports. Default is “U+0-10FFFF”

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CSS3 2D Transforms
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CSS3 Transforms
CSS3 transforms allow you to translate, rotate, scale, and skew elements.

A transformation is an effect that lets an element change shape, size and position.

CSS3 supports 2D and 3D transformations.

Mouse over the elements below to see the difference between a 2D and a 3D transformation:

2D rotate
3D rotate
Browser Support for 2D Transforms
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -ms-, -webkit-, -moz-, or -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
transform 36.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0
9.0 -ms- 16.0
3.5 -moz- 9.0
3.2 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
12.1
10.5 -o-
transform-origin
(two-value syntax) 36.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0
9.0 -ms- 16.0
3.5 -moz- 9.0
3.2 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
12.1
10.5 -o-
CSS3 2D Transforms
In this chapter you will learn about the following 2D transformation methods:

translate()
rotate()
scale()
skewX()
skewY()
matrix()
Tip: You will learn about 3D transformations in the next chapter.

The translate() Method

The translate() method moves an element from its current position (according to the parameters given for the X-axis and the Y-axis).

The following example moves the

CSS3 3D Transforms
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CSS3 3D Transforms
CSS3 allows you to format your elements using 3D transformations.

Mouse over the elements below to see the difference between a 2D and a 3D transformation:

2D rotate
3D rotate
Browser Support for 3D Transforms
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -webkit-, -moz-, or -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
transform 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
transform-origin
(three-value syntax) 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
transform-style 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 11.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
perspective 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
perspective-origin 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
backface-visibility 36.0
12.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
10.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 23.0
15.0 -webkit-
CSS3 3D Transforms
In this chapter you will learn about the following 3D transformation methods:

rotateX()
rotateY()
rotateZ()
The rotateX() Method

The rotateX() method rotates an element around its X-axis at a given degree:

Example
div {
    -webkit-transform: rotateX(150deg); /* Safari */
    transform: rotateX(150deg);
}
»
The rotateY() Method

The rotateY() method rotates an element around its Y-axis at a given degree:

Example
div {
    -webkit-transform: rotateY(130deg); /* Safari */
    transform: rotateY(130deg);
}
»
The rotateZ() Method
The rotateZ() method rotates an element around its Z-axis at a given degree:

Example
div {
    -webkit-transform: rotateZ(90deg); /* Safari */
    transform: rotateZ(90deg);
}
»
Test Yourself with Exercises!
Exercise 1 »  Exercise 2 »  Exercise 3 »

CSS3 Transform Properties
The following table lists all the 3D transform properties:

Property Description
transform Applies a 2D or 3D transformation to an element
transform-origin Allows you to change the position on transformed elements
transform-style Specifies how nested elements are rendered in 3D space
perspective Specifies the perspective on how 3D elements are viewed
perspective-origin Specifies the bottom position of 3D elements
backface-visibility Defines whether or not an element should be visible when not facing the screen
3D Transform Methods
Function Description
matrix3d
(n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n,n) Defines a 3D transformation, using a 4×4 matrix of 16 values
translate3d(x,y,z) Defines a 3D translation
translateX(x) Defines a 3D translation, using only the value for the X-axis
translateY(y) Defines a 3D translation, using only the value for the Y-axis
translateZ(z) Defines a 3D translation, using only the value for the Z-axis
scale3d(x,y,z) Defines a 3D scale transformation
scaleX(x) Defines a 3D scale transformation by giving a value for the X-axis
scaleY(y) Defines a 3D scale transformation by giving a value for the Y-axis
scaleZ(z) Defines a 3D scale transformation by giving a value for the Z-axis
rotate3d(x,y,z,angle) Defines a 3D rotation
rotateX(angle) Defines a 3D rotation along the X-axis
rotateY(angle) Defines a 3D rotation along the Y-axis
rotateZ(angle) Defines a 3D rotation along the Z-axis
perspective(n) Defines a perspective view for a 3D transformed element

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CSS3 Animations
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CSS3 Animations
CSS3 animations allows animation of most HTML elements without using JavaScript or Flash!

CSS3
Animation
Browser Support for Animations
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -webkit-, -moz-, or -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
@keyframes 43.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
5.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 30.0
15.0 -webkit-
12.0 -o-
animation 43.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
5.0 -moz- 9.0
4.0 -webkit- 30.0
15.0 -webkit-
12.0 -o-
What are CSS3 Animations?
An animation lets an element gradually change from one style to another.

You can change as many CSS properties you want, as many times you want.

To use CSS3 animation, you must first specify some keyframes for the animation.

Keyframes hold what styles the element will have at certain times.

The @keyframes Rule
When you specify CSS styles inside the @keyframes rule, the animation will gradually change from the current style to the new style at certain times.

To get an animation to work, you must bind the animation to an element.

The following example binds the “example” animation to the

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CSS Images
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Learn how to style images using CSS.

Rounded Images
Use the border-radius property to create rounded images:

Example
Rounded Image:

img {
    border-radius: 8px;
}
»
Example
Circled Image:

img {
    border-radius: 50%;
}
»
Thumbnail Images
Use the border property to create thumbnail images.

Thumbnail Image:

Example
img {
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 4px;
    padding: 5px;
    width: 150px;
}

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Thumbnail Image as Link:

Example
img {
    border: 1px solid #ddd;
    border-radius: 4px;
    padding: 5px;
    width: 150px;
}

img:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 0 2px 1px rgba(0, 140, 186, 0.5);
}

 

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Responsive Images
Responsive images will automatically adjust to fit the size of the screen.

Resize the browser window to see the effect:

If you want an image to scale down if it has to, but never scale up to be larger than its original size, add the following:

Example
img {
    max-width: 100%;
    height: auto;
}
»
Tip: Read more about Responsive Web Design in our CSS RWD Tutorial.

Center an Image
To center an image within the page, use margin: auto; and make it into a block element:

Example
img {
    display: block;
    margin: auto;
    width: 50%;
}
»
Polaroid Images / Cards
The Troll’s tongue in Hardanger, Norway

Northern Lights in Norway

Example
div.polaroid {
    width: 80%;
    background-color: white;
    box-shadow: 0 4px 8px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 6px 20px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.19);
}

img {width: 100%}

div.container {
    text-align: center;
    padding: 10px 20px;
}
»
Transparent Image
The opacity property can take a value from 0.0 – 1.0. The lower value, the more transparent:

opacity 0.2

opacity 0.5

opacity 1
(default)

Note: IE8 and earlier use filter:alpha(opacity=x). The x can take a value from 0 – 100. A lower value makes the element more transparent.

Example
img {
    opacity: 0.5;
    filter: alpha(opacity=50); /* For IE8 and earlier */
}
»
Image Text
How to position text in an image:

Example
Bottom Left
Top Left
Top Right
Bottom Right
Centered
:

Top Left » Top Right » Bottom Left » Bottom Right » Centered »
Image Filters
The CSS filter property adds visual effects (like blur and saturation) to an element.

Note: The filter property is not supported in Internet Explorer, Edge 12, or Safari 5.1 and earlier.

Example
Change the color of all images to black and white (100% gray):

img {
    -webkit-filter: grayscale(100%); /* Safari 6.0 – 9.0 */
    filter: grayscale(100%);
}
»
Tip: Go to our CSS filter Reference to learn more about CSS filters.

Image Hover Overlay
Create an overlay effect on hover:

Example
Fade in text:

Hello World
»
Example
Fade in a box:

John
»
Example
Slide in (top):

Hello World
»
Example
Slide in (bottom):

Hello World
»
Example
Slide in (left):

Hello World
»
Example
Slide in (right):

Hello World
»
Responsive Image Gallery
CSS can be used to create image galleries. This example use media queries to re-arrange the images on different screen sizes. Resize the browser window to see the effect:

Add a description of the image here
Add a description of the image here
Add a description of the image here
Add a description of the image here
Example
.responsive {
    padding: 0 6px;
    float: left;
    width: 24.99999%;
}

@media only screen and (max-width: 700px){
    .responsive {
        width: 49.99999%;
        margin: 6px 0;
    }
}

@media only screen and (max-width: 500px){
    .responsive {
        width: 100%;
    }
}
»
Tip: Read more about Responsive Web Design in our CSS RWD Tutorial.

Image Modal (Advanced)
This is an example to demonstrate how CSS and JavaScript can work together.

First, use CSS to create a modal window (dialog box), and hide it by default.

Then, use a JavaScript to show the modal window and to display the image inside the modal, when a user clicks on the image:

Example
// Get the modal
var modal = document.getElementById(‘myModal’);

// Get the image and insert it inside the modal – use its “alt” text as a caption
var img = document.getElementById(‘myImg’);
var modalImg = document.getElementById(“img01”);
var captionText = document.getElementById(“caption”);
img.onclick = function(){
    modal.style.display = “block”;
    modalImg.src = this.src;
    captionText.innerHTML = this.alt;
}

// Get the element that closes the modal
var span = document.getElementsByClassName(“close”)[0];

// When the user clicks on (x), close the modal
span.onclick = function() {
    modal.style.display = “none”;
}
»

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CSS3 Transitions
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CSS3 Transitions
CSS3 transitions allows you to change property values smoothly (from one value to another), over a given duration.

Example: Mouse over the element below to see a CSS3 transition effect:

CSS3
Browser Support for Transitions
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the property.

Numbers followed by -webkit-, -moz-, or -o- specify the first version that worked with a prefix.

Property
transition 26.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
4.0 -moz- 6.1
3.1 -webkit- 12.1
10.5 -o-
transition-delay 26.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
4.0 -moz- 6.1
3.1 -webkit- 12.1
10.5 -o-
transition-duration 26.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
4.0 -moz- 6.1
3.1 -webkit- 12.1
10.5 -o-
transition-property 26.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
4.0 -moz- 6.1
3.1 -webkit- 12.1
10.5 -o-
transition-timing-function 26.0
4.0 -webkit- 10.0 16.0
4.0 -moz- 6.1
3.1 -webkit- 12.1
10.5 -o-
How to Use CSS3 Transitions?
To create a transition effect, you must specify two things:

the CSS property you want to add an effect to
the duration of the effect
Note: If the duration part is not specified, the transition will have no effect, because the default value is 0.

The following example shows a 100px * 100px red

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CSS Buttons
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Learn how to style buttons using CSS.

Basic Button Styling
Default Button CSS Button

Example
.button {
    background-color: #4CAF50; /* Green */
    border: none;
    color: white;
    padding: 15px 32px;
    text-align: center;
    text-decoration: none;
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 16px;
}
»
Button Colors
Green Blue Red Gray Black
Use the background-color property to change the background color of a button:

Example
.button1 {background-color: #4CAF50;} /* Green */
.button2 {background-color: #008CBA;} /* Blue */
.button3 {background-color: #f44336;} /* Red */
.button4 {background-color: #e7e7e7; color: black;} /* Gray */
.button5 {background-color: #555555;} /* Black */
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Button Sizes
10px 12px 16px 20px 24px
Use the font-size property to change the font size of a button:

Example
.button1 {font-size: 10px;}
.button2 {font-size: 12px;}
.button3 {font-size: 16px;}
.button4 {font-size: 20px;}
.button5 {font-size: 24px;}
»
Use the padding property to change the padding of a button:

10px 24px 12px 28px 14px 40px 32px 16px 16px
Example
.button1 {padding: 10px 24px;}
.button2 {padding: 12px 28px;}
.button3 {padding: 14px 40px;}
.button4 {padding: 32px 16px;}
.button5 {padding: 16px;}
»
Rounded Buttons
2px 4px 8px 12px 50%
Use the border-radius property to add rounded corners to a button:

Example
.button1 {border-radius: 2px;}
.button2 {border-radius: 4px;}
.button3 {border-radius: 8px;}
.button4 {border-radius: 12px;}
.button5 {border-radius: 50%;}
»
Colored Button Borders
Green Blue Red Gray Black
Use the border property to add a colored border to a button:

Example
.button1 {
    background-color: white;
    color: black;
    border: 2px solid #4CAF50; /* Green */
}
…
»
Hoverable Buttons
Green Blue Red Grey Black
Green Blue Red Grey Black
Use the :hover selector to change the style of a button when you move the mouse over it.

Tip: Use the transition-duration property to determine the speed of the “hover” effect:

Example
.button {
    -webkit-transition-duration: 0.4s; /* Safari */
    transition-duration: 0.4s;
}

.button:hover {
    background-color: #4CAF50; /* Green */
    color: white;
}
…
»
Shadow Buttons
Shadow Button Shadow on hover
Use the box-shadow property to add shadows to a button:

Example
.button1 {
    box-shadow: 0 8px 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2), 0 6px 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.19);
}

.button2:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 12px 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.24), 0 17px 50px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.19);
}
»
Disabled Buttons
Normal Button Disabled Button
Use the opacity property to add transparency to a button (creates a “disabled” look).

Tip: You can also add the cursor property with a value of “not-allowed”, which will display a “no parking sign” when you mouse over the button:

Example
.disabled {
    opacity: 0.6;
    cursor: not-allowed;
}
»
Button Width
250px
50% 100%
By default, the size of the button is determined by its text content (as wide as its content). Use the width property to change the width of a button:

Example
.button1 {width: 250px;}
.button2 {width: 50%;}
.button3 {width: 100%;}
»
Button Groups
Button Button Button Button

Remove margins and add float:left to each button to create a button group:

Example
.button {
    float: left;
}
»
Bordered Button Groups
Button Button Button Button

Use the border property to create a bordered button group:

Example
.button {
    float: left;
    border: 1px solid green;
}
»
Vertical Button Groups
Button Button Button Button

Use display:block instead of float:left to group the buttons below each other, instead of side by side:

Example
.button {
    display: block;
}
»
Animated Buttons
Example
Add an arrow on hover:

Hover
»
Example
Add a “pressed” effect on click:

 Click
»
Example
Add a “ripple” effect on click:

 Click
»

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